欢迎来到新航道北京学校官网!

首页 剑桥雅思10

剑桥雅思10阅读:Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE2真题+答案+解析

剑桥雅思10阅读:Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE2真题+答案+解析

发布时间:2021-02-01 关键词:
摘要: Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE2真题+答案+解析

  剑10test1passage2真题+答案+解析

  European Transport Systems 1990-2010

  1990年到2010年欧洲的交通体系

  What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?

  欧洲交通体系过去的趋势是什么?前景又如何?

  A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is thespectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.

  A.很难想象,在没有有效率的交通体系下,经济能迅速发展。尽管现在信息技术能够通过促进 远程办公和远程服务降低物理运输的需求,可是对交通的需求继续在上升。在这种趋势的背后有两个关键因素。对于客运来说,决定性因素是汽车使用的惊人增长。在1990到2010年间,欧盟道路上的汽车数量每一年都会经历三百万的增长,并且在接下来的十年中,欧盟车队会经历更进步的大幅增长。

  B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production: In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a ‘stock’ economy to a ‘flow’ economy. This phenomenonhas been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometers away from the final assembly plant or away from users.

  B.至于货物运输,它的增长在很大程度上是由于欧洲经济和它的生产体系的改变。在过去的20年里,因为内部边界已经废除,欧盟已经从“存货”经济变成了“流动”经济。这种现象已经被一些工业的迁移突出了,尤其是一些劳动力密集型的工业,为了降低生产成本,即便生产地距离装配厂或者用户几百甚至上千米远。

  C The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 199Q volumes. And although many candidate countriesinherited a transport system which encourages rail, thedistribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998, road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although - and this could benefit the enlarged EU - it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.

  C.在那些欧盟的候选,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。在1998年,部分出口量已经超过1990年的两倍多,而进口量是1990年的五倍多。尽管候选国沿袭了鼓励铁路的交通体系,可是自从20世纪 90年代,运输模式的分布状况还是大大地向公路运输倾斜了。在1990年到1991的8年间,公路运输增长了19.4%,然而在同时期,故铁路运输降低了43.5%,尽管——这可能使扩大的欧盟受益——与欧盟现有成员国相比,这一比例平均水平比较下仍然较高。

  D However, a new imperative - sustainable development - offers an opportunity for adapting the EU's common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainabletransport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years' time, that is by 2040.

  D.然而,一个新型必要事务——可持续发展——为适应欧盟共同的交通政策提供了一个机会。这个哥德堡欧洲理亊会已经通过的目标必须通过把环境因素整合到社区政策来实现,并且改变交通状况的平衡是其战略的核心。这个远大的目标只能到 2020 年才能完全实现,但是提出的措施是通向一个可持续交通体系的必要的步,理想状态下,这个交通体系将在30年内完成, 也就是2040 年。

  E In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2, the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport.Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.

  E.在1998年,交通领域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%,二氧化碳是一种主要的温室气体。 根据的估计,如果不采取措施去逆转交通增长的趋势,与记载的1990年的7390亿吨相比,到2020年,二氧化碳的排放量将会增长50%,达到 1,1130亿。重申一下,公路运输是主要的元凶,因为它自己就占了因交通而产生的二氧化碳的84%。因此,使用替代燃料和能源利用率既 是生态必要,也是一个技术挑战。

  F At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favour of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.

  F.与此同时,必须付出的努力来实现模式的转变。如此大的改变不可能在一夜之间实现,在经历了公路优化所带来的半个世纪的持续恶化之后,全改变更不可能。这已经倾斜到了某种程度,以至于现在的铁路货物运输服务正面临着边缘化,只有8%的市场份额,并且国际铁路货物运输的速度挣扎在平均18km/h。三个可能的选择已经浮现了。

  G The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available torevitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.

  G.种方法会包括对公路运输的关注,仅仅用定价来实现。这个选择不会附加其他交通模式的配套措施。短期来看,由于运输价格增加,它会通过的车辆货物承载率和预期的客运车辆的使用率来抑制公路运输的增长。然而,其他运输方式缺乏恢复动力这个事实将会使更具有可持续性的交通模式变得不可能。

  H The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion's share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.

  H.第二种方法聚焦在公路运输的价格上,但是伴随着其他方式故率的措施(的服务质量、物流、科技)。然而,这种方法既不包括在新的基础设施上投资,也不能保证的地域衔接。与种方法相比,它能够达到一种的拆分,但是公路运输能够保持它的市场份额,并且能继续成为饱和动脉,尽管它是最污染的模式。因此,它是不能够保证平衡的必要转变。

  I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance. It is far moreambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historicalimbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.

  I. 第三种方法不是新的,包含了一系列措施,从价格到重兴可替代的交通模式,并且以投资欧盟交通网络系统作为目标。这个整合的措施将使其他的市场份额回到他们1998年的水平,能够达到一个平衡的转变。这远比它看起来更有野心,请牢记过去50年公路运输不平衡的历史,但它将在公路交通运输和经济增长之间获得一个显著的突破,而不用限制人和货物的流动。

22.png

33.png

  Question 14

  难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 viii

  关键词: rapid growth、private transport

  定位原文: A 段最后一句“The number of cars... ”在 1990 到 2010 年,欧盟道路上的汽车数量每一年会经历三百万的增长,并且在接下来的十年中,欧盟车队会经历更进一步的大幅增长。

  解题思路: 原文说,汽车有一个飞速的增长,和私人交通迅速发展相符。原文中 cars 与 viii 中的 private transport 属于同义替換,原文中 increase 以及 substantial increase 与 viii 中的 rapid growth 属同义替换。

  Question 15

  难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 iii

  关键词: changes、 goods

  定位原文: B 段第 1 句“As far as... ”至于货物运输,它的增长在很大程度上是出于欧洲经济和它的生产体系的改变。

  解题思路: 原文说,由于欧洲经济的改变,使得货物运输有所影响,与答案相符。原文中的 goods transport 与 iii 中的 goods may be transported 属于同义替换,原文中 changes 在 iii 中重现,原文中 due to 与 iii 中的 affecting 属于同义替换。

  Question 16

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 xi

  关键词: EU admission

  定位原文: C 段第 1 句“The strong economic...”在那些欧盟的候选,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。

  解题思路: 原文说,欧盟候选的经济预期增长将令交通增长,和答案里的交通趋势相符。原文中 candidates for entry to the EU 与 xi 中的 awaiting EU admission 属于同义替换,原文中 expected 表示了题目中的 trend 趋势。

  Question 17

  难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 i

  关键词: fresh、important、long-term、goal

  定位原文: D 段第 1 句“however, a new...”然而一个新型必要事务----可持续发展----为适应欧盟共同的交通政策提供了一个机会。

  解题思路: 原文中的 new、imperative、sustainable 与 i 中的 fresh、important、 long-term 属于同义替换。第 2 句或者最后一句的 objective 替换 goal.

  Question 18

  难度及答案: 难度中等;答案为 v

  关键词: environmental costs

  定位原文: E 段第 1 句“In 1998, energy consumption…”在 1998 年,交通领域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的 28%,二氧化碳是一种主要温室气体。

  解题思路: 原文说运输会产生温室气体,所以会造成环境破坏。原文中的 energy consumption,emissions of C02 以及 greenhouse gas 能够体现出题目里边的 environmental costs。

  Question 19

  难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 X

  关键词: restricting 、charging policies、alone

  定位原文: G 段第 1 句“The first approach…”种方法会包括对公路运输的关注,仅仅用定价来实现。

  解题思路: 原文说,仅仅用价格来针对公路运输,与答案仅仅通过收费限制公路使用相符。原文中 road transport、solely、pricing 与 x 中的 road use、alone、 charging policies 属于同义替换。

  Question 20

  难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 ii

  关键词: charging for roads、improving other transport methods

  定位原文: H 段第 1 句“The second approach…”第二种方法聚焦在公路运输的价格上,但是伴随着其他方式效率的措施(的服务质量、物流、科技)。

  解题思路: 原文中,accompanied by 表示的就是还有另外一种,所以这一点对应答案中的 “且”,除了公路收费以外,还有其他途径。原文中 road transport pricing 替换为 ii 中的 charging for roads, increase the efficiency of the other modes 替换为 ii 中的 improving other transport methods。

  Question 21

  难度及答案: 难度高;答案为 iv

  关键词: all the steps、change transport patterns

  定位原文: I 段第 1 句“The third approach... ”第三种方法,它不是新的, 包含了一系列措施, 从价格到重兴可替代的交通模式,并且以投资欧盟交通网络系统作为目标。

  解题思路: 原文说了方法,与答案中所有必要措施相符。原文中 a series of measures 替换为 iv 中的 all the steps,modes of transport 替换为 iv 中的 transport patterns。

  Question 22

  参考译文:尽管科技进步了,对于交通的需求仍在增长。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 TRUE。

  关键词:need、technological development

  定位原文: A 段第 2 句“Although modem information…”尽管现在信息技术能够通过促进远程办公和远程服务降低物理运输的需求,可是对交通的需求继续在上升。

  解题思路: 原文与题目都表示了对交通的需求趋势是上升的:所以答案为 TRUE。原 文 中 although 、 modem information technologies 、 requirement for transports、 increase 分别与题目中的 despite、technological development、 need for transport、 growing 是同义替换。

  Question 23

  参考译文:为了减少生产成本,一些工厂已经搬到距离他们相应消费者较近的地方。难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 FALSE。

  关键词:production costs 、industries 、 consumers

  定位原文: B 段最后一句“This phenomenon has been…”这种现象已经被些工业的迁移突出了,尤其是那些劳动力密集型的工业,为降低生产成本,即便生产地距离装配厂或者用户是几百或者上千米远。

  解题思路:to reduce production costs 在原文中重现,原文中 relocation 能够体现出搬家,原文中 users 替换 consumers,但是原文中 even though 后面表规的意思是生产车间距离很远,而不是题目中的closer,所以明显矛盾,答案为FALSE。

  Question 24

  参考译文: 在许多欧盟候选国中,汽车过分的昂贵。难度及答案: 难度低; 答案为 NOT GIVEN

  关键词: cars、EU candidate countries

  定位原文: C 段第 1 句 “The strong economic...”,在那些欧盟的候选,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通的流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。

  解题思路: 原文没有提到 expensive,所以很明显是未提及。

  Question 25

  参考译文: 这个哥德堡欧洲理事会是 30 年前建立的。难度及答案:难度中等; 答案为 NOT GIVEN。

  关键词:Gothenburg 、European Council

  定位原文:D 段第 2 句“This objective…”这个哥德堡欧洲理亊会已经通过的目标必须通过把环境因素整合到社区政策来实现,并且改变交通状况的平衡是其战略的核心。

  解题思路:找到定位并不难,原文并没有提这个理事会成立了多少年,所以是未提及。

  Question 26

  参考译文:这个年代末,交通造成的 C02排放量将会达到 7390 亿吨。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 FALSE

  关键词:739 billion tones

  定位原文:E 段第 2 句“According to the latest... ”根据的估计,如果不采取措施去逆转交通增长的趋势,与记载的 1990 年的 7390 亿吨相比;到 2020 年,二氧化碳的排放量将会增长 50%,到 1,1130 亿吨。

  解题思路:原文中 CO2 emissions 有原词重现,原文中 by 2020 替换了 by the end of this decade,原文中 be expected to 替换了 are predicted to,题目里面的 739 billion tones 与原文中说会达到 1,113 billion tones 不一致,所以答案为 FALSE。