剑桥雅思6:Test4阅读Passage3真题+答案+解析

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　　剑桥雅思6Test4阅读passage3原文+翻译，相应的解析，

　　Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented?Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here he reports on his findings.

　　不断受到欺凌是孩子所面临的最糟糕的经历之一。如何阻止其发生呢?谢菲尔大学心理学家彼得?史密斯在教育部的资助下组织了谢菲尔德反欺凌干预项目。以下是他的一些发现。

　　A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal — being taunted or called hurtful names ?— to the physical — being kicked or shoved — as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.

　　A 欺凌有多种方式：从口头上的——比如被嘲笑或者被叫很伤人的外号，到身体上的——比如被打、被踢或推搡。此外，还有一些不太直接的欺凌方式，比如被社会团体排斥在外。在我和Irene Whitney开展的一项调查中，我们发现在英国小学中，有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历，其中十例中有一例为持续受到欺凌，中学的欺凌现象要好一些，大约二十五例中有一例是持续受到欺凌，但是在这些情况中，受欺凌者可能反抗极其强烈。

　　B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.

　　B 欺凌显然是很不愉快的，而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪在一些极端的情况中，欺凌甚至会导致自杀，但是很庆幸的是此类事件比较罕见。受到欺凌的小学生成年后更容易在人际沟通中遭遇困难，而那些经常实施欺凌的孩子长大后更有可能具有身体暴力倾向并且犯下反社会的罪行。

　　C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.’

　　C 到目前为止，我们对这一问题的了解还远远不够，而且也几乎没有给教师提供处理欺凌问题的帮助。可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。“在这个学校没有欺凌的现象”已经被重复了无数次。但是绝大多数情况下这都不是事实。庆幸的是现在有越来越多的学校承认：“我们学校欺凌现象并不多，但是当其发生时，我们有很明确的处理方法”。

　　D Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after’ evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.

　　D 导致这一变化有三个原因。是对欺凌问题严重性的认识;第二，在英国有一些帮助处理欺凌问题的资源。比如，苏格兰教育研究局发行了一系列的材料：《反欺凌行动》在1992年夏被提供给英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰地区的所有学校。第二年又发行了《支持学校反对欺凌》。在爱尔兰地区，《在小学反抗遭遇欺凌行为指南》于1993年发行。第三，有证据表明，这些材料发挥了作用，学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得了一些成绩。这一结果来自于一项研究组监控的并认真开展的主题为“之前和之后”的对学校干预的评估。在挪威，经过一次全国范围的干预运动之后，对42所学校的一项评估显示，在两年多的时间内欺凌行为减少了一半。在谢菲尔德大学对16所小学和7所中学的一项调查中发现，大多数学校在减少欺凌行为方面取得了成功。

　　E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time — not just imposed from the head teacher’s office! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively.

　　E 证据表明，控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定针对欺凌行为的政策，明确欺凌行为意味着什么，并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导。这一政策应该经过一段时间的磋商形成，而不是只在校长办公室里硬性实施的方案。应该使学生、家长和教职员工都感觉参与到政策的制定当中，而且这一政策需要广泛的传播和有效的执行。

　　Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic

　　through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute.

　　可以采取其他措施来支持这个政策。可以通过使用影像、戏剧和文学等多种方法在课程中处理这一主题。这些方法对人们的意识是很有帮助的，而且将其放在学校讨论欺凌行为形成政策的早期阶段。此外，这为新入校的小学生更策或根据实际情况进行修订也很有用。但是仅靠课程只会有短期效果，它应该是对政策的补充，而非替代品。

　　There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to group bullying such as ‘no blame’, can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.

　　还有一些方法适合用于单个小学生或小团体。对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象的学生而言，进行自信训练是很值得做的;在发生群体欺凌行为时，某些特定的方法，比如“不责备”是与实施欺凌行为的学生不直接对抗而改变他们行为的有效方法。然而，对于那些长期持续实施欺凌行为的学生，我们必须对其进行制裁。

　　Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. Another possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led into bullying from boredom or frustration.

　　在操场上开展工作也是很重要的。一个有效的步骤就是培训午餐时段督导员以区分嬉戏式争斗和欺凌行为，并帮助他们中止突。另一个可能的措施就是改善操场环境，从而使学生不太可能因为厌倦或感到挫折而实施欺凌行为。

　　F With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullying — and the consequent improvement in pupil happiness — is surely a worthwhile objective.

　　F 随着环境和方式方法的改进，我们可以预见至少可以程度地防止学校里最严重的欺凌行为的发生。我们付出的努力越多，学校参与的力度越大，取得的效果就可能越好。欺凌行为的减少和因此产生的学生幸福感的递增无疑是一个值得为之努力的目标。

　　这个暑期，来新航道雅思封闭班 ，我们给考生的

　　签订协议，承诺不过重修，只有的雅思培训学校，才敢做出如此承诺!

　　自信，源于上海新航道完善的雅思培训体系

　　13年来，我们专心做好一件事

　　那就是如何让学员顺利通过雅思考试

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　阅读第3节

　　You should spend aboul 20 minutes on Questions 27- 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3on the following pages.

　　你应该花20分钟在27-40的问题上，这些问题是基于下面几页的阅读通道3。

　　Questions 27-30

　　问题27-30

　　Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.

　　阅读通道3有六个部分，A-F。

　　Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i- vii, in boxes 27- -30 on your answer sheet,

　　从下面的标题列表中选择A-D节的正确标题。在答题纸的第27-30栏中填写正确的编号I-VII，

　　List of Headings

　　标题清单

　　i The role of video violence

　　视频暴力的作用

　　ii The failure of government policy

　　二、政府政策的失败

　　ii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying

　　二.欺凌率增加的原因

　　iv Research into how common bullying is in British schoolsv The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullyingvi The effect of bullying on the children involved

　　四、英国学校欺凌现象的研究-学校对有关欺负儿童的调查的反应-欺凌对所涉儿童的影响

　　vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools

　　七.导致学校采取新办法的事态发展

　　27 Section A

　　28 Section B

　　29 Section C

　　30 Section D

　　27段A

　　28段B

　　29段C

　　30段D

　　Questions 31-34

　　问题31-34

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, Cor D.

　　选择正确的字母，A，B，Cor D。

　　Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet,

　　把正确的信写在答题纸上的第31-34号框中，

　　31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schools

　　31最近的一项调查发现，在英国的中学

　　A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.

　　比以前的欺凌行为。

　　B there was less bullying than in primary schools.

　　欺凌现象比小学少。

　　c ases of persistent bullying were very common,

　　持续欺凌的情况很常见，

　　D indirect forms of bullying were particularly dificult to deal with.

　　间接形式的欺凌尤其难以对付。

　　32 Children who are bullied

　　名被欺凌的儿童

　　A are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.

　　自杀的可能性是普通人的两倍。

　　B find it more difficult to relate to adults.

　　发现和成年人相处比较困难

　　C are less likely to be violent in later life.

　　在以后的生活中不太可能发生暴力。

　　D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.

　　在以后的生活中可能很难形成关系。

　　33 The writer thinks that the declaration 'There is no bullying al this school'A

　　33.作者认为“这所学校不存在欺凌”这一宣言

　　A is no longer true in many schools.

　　在学校里都不再是这样了。

　　B was not in fact made by many schools.

　　实际上不是由许多学校制造的。

　　C reflected the school's lack of concern.

　　反映了学校缺乏关注。

　　D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.

　　反映出缺乏知识和资源。

　　34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?

　　34在挪威进行的研究结果如何?

　　A Bullying declined by S0% after an anti- bullying campaign.

　　在一场反欺凌运动之后，欺凌行为下降了0%。

　　B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.

　　由于反欺凌运动，21所学校减少了欺凌行为。

　　C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.

　　两年是反欺凌运动的期限。

　　D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.

　　与英国相比，欺凌在挪威是一个不那么严重的问题。

　　Questions 35- -39

　　问题35-39

　　Complete the summary below.

　　完成以下摘要。

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　每个答案从短文中选择不超过两个单词。

　　Wrie your answers in boxes 35- -39 on your answer sheel.

　　你的答案在方框35--39在你的回答上，谢尔。

　　What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?

　　学校应该采取哪些措施来减少欺凌行为?

　　The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35

　　最重要的一步是学校当局生产35

　　which

　　哪一个

　　makes the school's atitude towards bullying quite clear. It should include detailed

　　使学校对欺凌行为的态度变得很清楚。它应该包括详细的

　　..... as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.

　　..学校和教职员工在发生欺凌事件时会如何反应。

　　In addition, action can be taken through the 37............ This is particularly usefulin the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion.On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.

　　此外，可通过37.采取行动。这在这一进程的初期特别有用，因为这是认识和鼓励讨论的一种方式，但它本身不足以实现的解决办法。

　　Effective work can also be done with indvidual pupils and small groups. For example, potential 38.......... of bullying can be trained to be more self-.confident. Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a 'no blame' approach, which avoids confronting the offendertoo directly, is often effective.

　　也可以对学生和小组进行有效的工作。例如，潜在的.欺凌可以被训练成更自信。或者，在处理集团欺凌问题时，避免直接面对犯罪分子的“不责备”方法往往是有效的。

　　Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognisethe difference between bullying and mere 39............。

　　如果工作人员接受培训，认识到欺凌和仅仅39岁之间的区别，操场监督就会更有效.

　　Question 40

　　问题40

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B. Cor D.

　　选择正确的字母，A，B.

　　Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheel.

　　在回答Sheel的方框40中写出正确的字母。

　　Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?A Bullying: what parents can do

　　下面哪个标题最适合阅读3?欺凌：父母能做什么?

　　BBullying: are the media to blame?

　　吹牛：媒体应该受到谴责吗?

　　C Bullying; the link with academic failure

　　C欺凌;与学业失败的联系

　　D Bullying: from crisis management to prevention

　　D欺凌：从危机管理到预防