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剑桥雅思10阅读:Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

剑桥雅思10阅读:Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

发布时间:2021-02-02 关键词:
摘要: 剑桥雅思10阅读:Test1雅思阅读PASSAGE3真题+答案+解析

  剑10test2passage3译文解析

  Museums of Fine Art and Their Public

  艺术博物馆及其观众

  The fact that people go to the Louvre museum in Paris to see the original painting Mona Lisa when they can see a reproduction anywhere leads us to question some assumptions about the role of museums of fine art in today’s world.

  当在世界各地都可以看到仿制品的时候,人们还是会去罗浮宫欣赏原版的“蒙娜丽莎”画作,这一事实让我们对关于当今艺术博物馆角色的一些设想存疑。

  One of the most famous works of art in the world is Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone who goes to see the original will already be familiar with it from reproductions, but they accept that fine art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form.

  达·芬奇的蒙娜丽莎是世界上最为的画作之一 。几乎每个去观看原作的人都已通过仿制品熟知这幅作品,但他们承认,欣赏原版的艺术作品是更有价值的。

  However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few people would bother to go to a museum to read the writer's actualmanuscript rather than a printed reproduction. This might be explained by the fact that the novel has evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts,whereas oil paintings have always been produced as unique objects.In addition, it could be argued that the practice of interpreting or 'reading' each medium follows different conventions. With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way they are printed on the page, whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting must attend just as closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may signify.

  然而,如果“蒙娜丽莎”是本小说,少有人会费心去博物馆阅读作者的原版手稿,而会选择阅读打印好的副本。或许这可以解释为:小说的演化恰好是因为技术的进步,从而可以印制出大量的文本,但是油画一直是作为的物件被制作的。另外,有人会辩驳道,解读或“阅读”不同的媒介应该遵循不同的惯例。对于小说,人们主要关注词句的意思而不是它们被印刷在纸上的方式,然而艺术作品的“读者”必须密切关注图画中所有标记、形状的材质形式和这些形式所象征表达的内容。

  Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work. The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century, artists seemed perfectly content to assign the reproduction of their creations to their workshop apprentices as regular "bread and butter7 work.And today the task of reproducing pictures isincomparably more simple and reliable, withreprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale, with faithful colour values, and even with duplication of the surface relief of the painting.

  不过,精美地制作出任何美术作品的高仿品一直都是可能的。现存的七件蒙娜丽莎的作品佐证了一个事实,即在16世纪,艺术家们很乐意把仿制他们作品的工作分配给他们工作室的学徒们,作为他们常规的谋生手段。如今复制画作的工作变得无比简单可靠,因为复印技术能够让我们获得,与原作尺寸一致、色值相同的印刷品,甚至还可以复制作品表面的浮雕效果。

  But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of good reproductions can be culturally valuable, museums continue to promote the special status of original work.

  然而,尽管人们默认传播的复制品有宝贵的文化价值,但是艺术博物馆依然宣传真迹的特殊地位。

  Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.

  不幸的是,这严重限制了博物馆参观者的体验。

  One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique historical objects, art museums are often called 'treasure houses'. We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards, attendants, ropes and display cases to keep us away from the exhibits. In many cases, the architectural style of the building further reinforces that notion. In addition, a major collection like that of London's National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one's own relative ‘worthlessness’ in such an environment.

  其中一个限制是关于博物馆呈现其展品的方式。作为的历史物品的储藏地,艺术博物馆常常被称为“宝库”。这一点在我们参观展览时,有保安、服务人员、绳索和展示柜将我们与展览系列隔离之前,就早已得到提醒。情况下,相关建筑的风格强化了这个感受。另外,就像英国伦敦美术馆的一个主要的收藏系列,会被存放在无数个房间里,每个房间存放几十件作品,其中任何一件作品的价值可能都要超过普通游客的所有财富。在一个个人地位很大程度上取决于其物质财富的社会,很难让人不因在这个环境中相比而产生的卑微而感到印象深刻。

  Furthermore, consideration of the ‘Value’ of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that, since these works were originally produced, they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more powerful than themselves.Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the work.

  进一步而言,考虑到原版作品能被放在这样的“宝库”所意味着的价值,观众内心是震撼的,因为正是由于它们是原版的,它们才能被某个比他们权威的个人或机构赋予巨大的金钱价值。显然无论现众怎么看待美术作品,也改变不了其价值,因此,现在的参观者拘泥于表达自己直接、即时、自我的作品解读,那种原本一见到作品就产生的原始解读。

  The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created. This ‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the sheer volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.

  游客们可能被一种陌生感所震撼,这种震撼感是源于看到多样的油画、绘画作品和雕塑集中置于一个并不是它们被创造的环境里。这种“错位”的效果会被展品的大量数量进一步加强。以一个主要的收藏系列为例,一次展示的作品可能会比我们数星期或者数月所能够看完的还要多。

  This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience encounters an opera or a play over a specific time, which is theduration of the performance. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewings or at which to finish. Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail and labour that is involved.Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum's function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving ‘authentic’, ‘original’ readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to thatspontaneous, participatory criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most art history.

  这样的情况特别让人苦恼,因为时间似乎是欣赏所有艺术形式的一个重要因素。在欣赏画作和其他艺术品之间一个最根本的区别就是欣赏画作并没有被赋予具体的欣赏时间。相反的,现众可以有一段具体的时间欣赏话剧或者戏剧,这段时间就是表演的持续时间。类似的是,小说和诗歌也可以在一段有顺序的时间内被读完,然而一幅画没有一个明确开始欣赏和结束的点。因此,艺术画作本身就鼓励人们进行肤浅的欣赏,而人们并不会细细欣赏作品细节的丰富性和背后的辛劳。因此,主导性的方式是艺术历史学家的方法,一种专门致力于结合作品时代的文化背景去“寻找艺术品的意义”的专门的学术方法。这种方法与博物馆的功能地结合了,因为它是被用于寻找和保护对展品的“可信的”与“原创的” 解读。再次,这看上去终结了那些在经典文学作品中大量常见的自发和分享的批判,这类批判在大多数的艺术史中是不存在的。

  The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any other audience, experience art more rewardingly when given the confidence to express their views. If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are, the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them. Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.

  当自发的批评行为被遏制的时候,一旦出现什么批评类的行为,艺术博物馆的展览可以作为一种警示。那些去艺术博物馆参观的人,像其他任何的观众一样,当他们被给予自信去表达他们的观点时,那么他们会觉得鉴赏艺术是更有价值的。如果合适的艺术作品可以地通过高仿真的复制品呈现给大众,就像学术文献和音乐一样们也许对这艺术作品会产生更少的敬畏。不幸的是,这也许对那些寻求保持和控制艺术机构的人是太高的要求。

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  剑桥10test1阅读passage3答案及解析

  Question 27

  参考译文: “百万美元四重唱”的例子着重强调了作者关于____的观点。难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 C

  关键词: million-dollar quartet

  定位原文: 第 3 段第 2 句到后面的“Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’...”太阳的“百万美元四重唱组合”本来可以成为五重唱组合的。照片里没有的是 Roy Orbison,一个比 Lewis, Perkins 或者 Cash 更加有天赋的歌手。Sam Phillips, 太阳工作室的拥有者,想要用融合了黑白音乐,乡村和蓝调音乐的结合体来革新流行乐。 Presley,Cash,Perkins 和 Lewis 直觉上就理解了 Phillips 的野心而且充满信心。 Orbison 对于这一目标并不感冒,而且与太阳公司仅实现了一次合作。

  解题思路: 原文中的 goal 与 C 项里的 objective 是同义替换。从文中可以看出来,退出的 Orbison 与组合里的其他成员,以及老板的创新观念并不相符。所以,有一个共同的目标重要。

  Question 28

  参考译文: James Watson 说他和 Francis Crick 能够率先发现 DNA 密码是因为他们____. 难度及答案:难度低;答案为 A

  关键词: DNA

  定位原文: 第 6 段倒数第 2 句“He said he and Crick…”他说他和 Cricket 之所以能够成功, 是因为他们知道在追寻答案的科学家之中,他们并不是最聪明的。

  解题思路: 根据 DNA 找到本段第 4 句话,往后看倒数第 2 句话提到了成功的原因,因为他们明白,他们不是最聪明的,这句话解释了答案里边的他们明白自己的局限。 原文中 aware 替换为 A 选项中的 conscious, weren’t the most intelligent 解释了他们有 limitations。

  Question 29

  参考译文: 作者提到早餐谷物粥包装的竞争是想要证明如何_____. 难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 D.

  关键词: breakfast cereal packets

  定位原文: 第 8 段倒数第 2 句及最后一句“It is,he says... ”他说,这就是为什么所有的早餐谷物粥仅装竞争者都会鼓励大家写下不超过 10 字的话:“我喜欢 Kellogg 玉米片,因为…”这一书写行为会让我们更加愿意去相信这件事。

  解题思路: 定位不难,最后一句话 the very act of writing 就是指前面的书写这句话的行为,这一行为会使得我们更加愿意去相信它。原文中 more likely to 替换为选项 D 中的 strengthen,难度在于 believe 与 commitment 的替换。 Commitment 的意思除了承诺意外,还有信奉的意思。

  Question 30

  参考译文: 文中最后一段,作者说对于员工来说____很重要。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 B

  关键词:last paragraph、employees

  定位原文:最后 1 段第 2 句话“Cialdini says... ” Cialdini 说“领导们应该鼓励每个人去贡献(自己的想法)并且确保相关人员都意识到每一个建议对于制定正确的决策和(每个人的想法)被充分地考虑都是很重要的”。

  解题思路: 题目已经告诉了最后一段,所以定位不难。原文中主语用到的是 leaders,说领导应该鼓励每个人, everyone 替换了 employees, 所以员工应该怎么做, 我们应该 encourage (鼓励)他们做什么。原文中说鼓励大家 contribute (做贡献), 替换了答案中的 contributions,原文中的同时要保证每一个人的意见都很 important (重要), 还有 will be given full attention(给予充分关注),这两点都体现出了答案中的 valued (被重视)。

  Question 31

  参考译文: 与老板的价值观相符的员工,更有可能___。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 G

  关键词:values

  定位原文:第 2 段第 2 句“Research shows...”研究表明,员工的价值和公司的价值之契合度在于员工做了什么贡献以及两年以后他们是不是仍然在这家公司。

  解题思路: 根据 values 找到第 2 段第 2 句,原文说,员工与老板的价值观是否一致,会对两方面有影响,一方面是员工会有什么贡献,另一方面是两年以后他们是否还在这家公司。所以第二点与答案继续保持工作相符。原文中 fit 替换了 match,they're still at the company 替换了 remain in their jobs。

  Question 32

  参考译文:变化的时候,人们倾向于___。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 E

  关键词:change

  定位原文:第 4 段 1 句“The value fit matters…”价值观是否合拍很重要,Cialdini 说,因为创新在程度上也是改变的过程,在这种压力下,我们作为一种物种,会有不同的表现,“事情有所改变的时候,我们很自然地就会选择安全的行动 ”。

  解题思路: 根据 at times of change 找到原文中 when things change。原文提到,我们会 play it safe,与答案中的 avoid risk 是同义替换。

  Question 33

  参考译文:如果人们清楚自己可能会失去什么,他们将会___。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 A

  关键词:lose

  定位原文:第 4 段最后一句“Studies show that…”研究表明,当面对损失而不是奖赏的时候,我们不可避免地会更加冒险。

  解题思路: 主要是替换,原文中 when threatened with a loss 替换了 are aware of what they might lose,原文中 take more gambles 替换了 take chances。

  Question 34

  参考译文:在支配欲很强的老板手下工作的话,人们更可能___。难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 F

  关键词:a dominant boss

  定位原文:第 9 段第 2 句及最后一句“The wrong kind of leadership…”这一错误的领导方式会导致 Cialdini 称之为“机长症候群,一种令人遗憾的趋势,团队成员会把本该属于自己的责任推卸给领导的一种趋势”……据他所言,这一行为并不单单在飞机上会出现,而是当领导太独断的时候,这会发生在任何工作场合下。

  解题思路: 这道题的难度在于词组不熟悉,opt out 的意思是“退出”、“免除”、 “避免”,替换了 ignore,responsibilities 替换了 duties。还有就是最后一句的 the leader is overbearing 替换了 a dominant boss。

  Question 35

  参考译文:在一个很少有规矩的组织里工作的员工,更可会___。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 B

  关键词:few rules

  定位原文:第 10 段,另一个极端是 20 世纪 80 年代,Memphis 的设计团体,一个年轻人组成的团队,对于他们来说“的规则就是没有规则”。这一环境为互相交换换想法提供了有利的条件,进而引起了形式,功能,颜色以及材料的— 系列创新,这一创新革新了家居设计的概念。

  解题思路: 句是定位点,原文中 the only rule 和 no rule 替换了 few rules,第 2 句是解题点,a free interchange of ideas 替换了 share their ideas。

  Question 36

  参考译文:一个人工作的物理环境对于他们的创造力有决定性作用。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NO

  关键词:physical surroundings、creativity

  定位原文:第 1 段第 2 句“There are…”然而,那些在一个的,设计成艺术中心以促进创新的地方工作的人,发现这个环境并不能让他们觉得自己有创造力。

  解题思路: 原文中说那些工作条件好的人,发现这个环境一点也不能让自己有创造性,所以与題目很明显矛盾。原文中的 centres,environment 替换了 physical surroundings, 原文中 creative 替换了 creativity。

  Question 37

  参考译文: 大多数人有创新的潜力难度及答案:难度低;答案为 YES

  关键词:most people、potential

  定位原文:第 2 段最后一句“Studies at…”在哈佛商业学院进行的研究表明,尽管一些人会比另外一些人更加有创造力,但是如果人们处于正确的环境,每一个人都会有创造力。

  解题思路: 原文中 almost every individuals 替换了 most people, can be 替换了 potential。

  Question 38

  参考译文: 当智力相当的人组成一个团队的时候,团队工作情况。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NOT GIVEN

  关键词:equally matched intelligence

  定位原文:无

  解题思路: 这道题是完全未提及。

  Question 39

  参考译文: 小的公司创新更容易。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NOT GIVEN

  关键词:smaller companies

  定位原文:无

  解题思路: 这道题是完全未提及。

  Question 40

  参考译文: 管理者的批准比同事的更具有说服力。难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 no

  关键词:manager's approvals 、colleague

  定位原文:第 7 段最后一句 “Research shows...” 研究表明,同事的力量,同等级运用,而不是上下级运用的话,远比老板的任何言论更加有说服力。

  解题思路:这道题涉及比较多的替换,原文中 peer power 替换了 colleague, powerful 替换了 persuasive,boss’s speech 替换了 manager’s approval。