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剑桥雅思10阅读:Test2雅思阅读PASSAGE1真题+答案+解析

剑桥雅思10阅读:Test2雅思阅读PASSAGE1真题+答案+解析

发布时间:2021-02-24 关键词:
摘要: A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking babits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports.

 Tea and the Industrial Revolution

  A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking babits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports.

  A Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at Kings College, Cambridge, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang - the world-changing birth of industry - happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?

  B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock, ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’ he says.For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen. While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteriabut were not industrialising. ‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution,’ says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything except coal, while China also had many of these factors. Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’

  C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation's favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. Theantiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer - plus the fact that both are made with boiled water - allowed urban communities to flourishat close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds eccentricbut once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to waryadmiration. Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters - Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.

  D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infantmortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. People suggested four possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteriaaround? Unlikely. Was there a revolution in medical science? But this was a century before Listers revolution*.Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains. Sanitation did not becomewidespread until the 19th century. The only option left: is food. But the height and weight statistics show a decline.So the food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’

  E This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution.‘When you start moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together,’ says Macfarlane. ‘But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.’ Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time, especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again.Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?’

  F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had nosanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates. Tea was relativelyexpensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century. By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink was common. Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been. No other European nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarlane’s logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.

  G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why didn't Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work.So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having ‘abandoned the wheel’.

  剑10test2雅思阅读Passage1译文-茶与工业革命

  根据Anjana Ahuja的报道,一位剑桥大学的认为饮茶习惯的改变是英国发生工业革命的原因。

  A 艾伦.麦克法兰是剑桥大学国王学院的一位人类学。和其他历史学家一样,他数十年来一直试图解开工业革命之谜。为什么这场“大爆炸”——改变全世界的工业变革,会发生在英国呢?而且为什么它会发生在18世纪末呢?

  B 麦克法兰把这个谜团比作一个密码锁。他指出:“这其中大约有20种因素,每种因素都符合才能引发工业革命。”为了使工业革命发生,需要有技术和能源来使工厂运转,大量的城市人口提供廉价劳动力,便捷的运输系统来运输货物,富裕的中产阶级来购买批量生产的产品,还需要以市场为导向的经济,以及允许这一切发生的政治体系。这是英国的情况,其他,例如日本、荷兰和法国也达到了这些标准,但是没有实现工业化。“这些因素都是必不可少的,但可能还不足以带来工业革命”,麦克法兰说。

  “荷兰除了煤以外其他条件都具备了,中国也满足了条件。历史学家认为,要想解开这把锁还需要找出一两个其他因素”。

  C 他提出缺失的因素可以在每家的厨房橱柜里找到。茶和啤酒是这个的两种饮品,正是它们促进了工业革命的发生。单宁的杀菌特性,茶叶里的活性成分,以及啤酒里的啤酒花,再加上它们在制作过程中用的都是沸水,这使得城市社区可以最密排列,大量扩张,而不必担心人们染上水传疾病,如痢疾。这个理论听上去很古怪, 但当他解释推理过程中的调查工作时,怀疑就被适度的欣赏所取代。麦克法兰的观点由于的医学史学家罗伊· 波特的支持而得到加强,罗伊最近对他的研究大加赞赏。

  D 麦克法兰对工业革命产生的原因已经思考了很长时间。历史学家们偶然发现了18世纪中期的一个很有意思的现象,这个现象需要解说一番。在1650年-1740年之间,英国的人口保持不变,但之后人口突然激增。麦克法兰说:“婴儿死亡率在20年内下降了一半,城市和乡村都是如此,且各个阶层无一例外。人们猜测可能有4个原因。是生活中的病毒和细菌突然改变了吗?不太可能。是医学领域有新的变革吗?但利斯特的革新(发明外科消毒法)要100年后才会发生。是环境改变了吗?农业进步的确消除了疟疾,但这只是很小的进步。卫生设施直到19世纪才得到普及。剩下的因素就是食物。但数据又显示人们的身高和体重都在下降,也就是说食物变得更糟了。儿童死亡率突然下降的原因仍旧没有找到。”

  E 人口的激增似乎来得正是时候,刚好为工业革命提供了劳动力。“工业革命趋势渐起的时候,人们居住得更加密集有助于经济效率,”麦克法兰说。“但如此一来,人们更容易染病,尤其是由人类排泄物传播的疾病。”对历史记录的研究显示,当时水传疾病的发病率有了改变,尤其是痢疾。麦克法兰推断,当时英国人喝的东西对降低发病率起到了重要作用,他指出:“我们喝啤酒。在很长时间内,英国人都被啤酒花中的抗菌因子保护着,啤酒花是用来帮助储存啤酒的。但是在17世纪末期,麦芽这种酿造啤酒的基本原料开始被征税。穷人们只能转而喝水和杜松子酒,而到18世纪20年代死亡率又开始上升。然后,又突然下降。这是什么造成的呢?”

  F 麦克法兰将目光投向日本,在同一时期日本也出现了大城市,而且也缺少卫生设施。水传疾病对日本人口的破坏力比对英国的要小。这会不会是因为茶在日本的普及呢?麦克法兰之后注意到,英国人口的变化与英国人的饮茶史在时间上有惊人的巧合之处。茶叶一直价格昂贵,这种情况直到18世纪早期英国和中国开始海上贸易才得到改现。到18世纪40年代,即婴儿死亡率开始下降的时候,茶这种饮品已经普及。麦克法兰猜测茶叶必须用沸水泡,再加上茶叶净化肠道的功能,使得母乳更加健康。其他欧洲都没有像英国人这样的喝茶习惯,从麦克法兰的逻辑来看,这使得它们无力发动工业革命。

  G 但是,如果茶叶是密码锁中的一环,那为什么日本没有发生工业革命呢?麦克法兰指出,尽管17世纪的日本拥有大型城市、高识字率,甚至形成了期货市场,但是他们拒绝了节省劳动力的工具,如牲畜,因为他们害怕这些会使人们失业,结果他们远离了工业革命的核心。就这样,这个现在被我们认为是技术进的之一在进入19世纪时“放弃了轮子”。

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  Question 1

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 iv

  关键词:time and place

  定位原文:A 段最后两句“Why did this…of the 18th century?”为何这个独特的大爆炸——能带来世界性的变化的工业革命——偏偏就发生在英国?为何这个革命又偏偏在 18 世纪末?

  解题思路:A 段中提到了 happen in Britain 以及 at the end of thel8th century, 与 iv 选项当中的 time 和 place 是对应的关系。

  Question 2

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 viii

  关键词:conditions required

  定位原文:B 段第 2 句 “There are about 20 different…he says.” 他说:“大约有 20 种不同的因素,而且所有的这些因素在工革命发生之前就已存在。”

  解题思路:B 段中主要论述的是工业革命在英国发生的前提条件,与其他不同的做出了对比。

  Question 3

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 vii

  关键词:Two keys

  定位原文:C 段第 2 句 “Tea and beer, two of... fuelled the revolution.” 茶和啤酒,这两种在全国的饮料,就是工业革命的导火线。

  解题思路:C 段主要论述的是茶和啤酒在英国工业革命当中的作用。

  Question 4

  难度及答案 :难度低;答案为 i

  关键词:reasons, an increase in population 定位原文:D 段第 4、6 句“But then there was...four possible causes.” 但是在那时(18 世纪中期),英国的人口是爆发增长的……人们觉得有四种原因是导致这种现象发生。

  解题思路:D 段主要论述英国人口增长的背后潜在原因。

  Question 5

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 vi

  关键词:Changes, drinking habits

  定位原文:E 段第 4、9、10 句“Some digging around... it suddenly dropped again.” 一些历史记录揭示了当时水污染疾病的发生率发生了改变,特别是痢疾……穷人因此转向喝水和松子酒,在 18 世纪 20 年代人口的死亡率又开始上升。然后又突然再次下降。

  解题思路:E 段主要论述英国人饮水习惯的变化和健康水平的变化。

  Question 6

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 ix

  关键词:comparison Japan

  定位原文:F 段第 1、2 句“Macfarlane looked to…those in Britain.”Macfarlane 研究日本,此时的日本也是向大城市发展,也没有卫生系统的发展。水污染疾病并没有像英国那样对日本的人口造成很大的影响。

  解题思路:F 段主要论述的是和日本相比较,从而研究者得出了自己的结论。

  Question 7

  难度及答案:难度低;答案为 ii :

  关键词:fear of unemployment

  定位原文:G 段第 2 句 “Macfarlane notes that…people out of work.” Macfarlane 指出尽 管在 17 世纪日本已经有大城市、高教育文化率,甚至期货市场,日本最终仍然放弃劳动力的替代,比如动物,而回归到工作本位,因为害怕会使人们失业。

  解题思路:G 段主要论述的是日本没有最早发生工业革命的原因是害怕失业。

  Question 8

  参考译文:在 18 世纪的中国,交通系统并不适合工业发展。难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 NOT GIVEN

  关键词:China 、not suitable, the 18th century

  定位原文:B 段倒数第 2 句“After all... had many of these factors.”毕竟荷兰拥有一切资源, 除了煤矿,中国也有这些因素。

  解题思路:考生利用 China 这个词可以定位到 B 段倒数第 2 句,此句说到中国也有这些因素,并没有明确提到交通系统不适合工业发展。

  Question 9

  参考译文:茶和啤酒都帮助阻止了痴疾在英国的发生。难度及答案:难度中等;答案为 TRUE

  关键词: dysentery

  定位原文: C 段第 3 句 “The antiseptic properties…diseases such as dysentery.” 茶中的活性成分单宁,以及啤酒当中的啤酒花,都有杀菌的特性,加之荼和啤酒都是由热水制成,使近距离的城市社区繁荣发展,而不受由水引发的疾病的迫害。比如痢疾。

  解题思路:考生可以利用 tea 以及 beer 以及 dysentery 定位到 C 段第 3 句。但是有些考生难以理解 without succumbing to (不向……屈服),有意识到题目就是这句话的对应改写。

  Question 10

  参考译文:Roy Porter 不同意 Macfarlane 的调査结果。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 FALSE

  关键词:Roy Porter、disagrees

  定位原文:C 段最后一句 “Macfarlane’s case has been…of his research.” Macfarlane 的案例因得到的药学历史学家 Roy Porter 的支持而得以加强,最近 Roy Porter 写了一篇对此研究的有利评估。

  解题思路: 考生利用 Roy Porter 可以定位到 C 段最后一句,判断题目当中的 disagrees 与原文明显不符。

  Question 11

  参考译文:1740 年后,英国的人口减少了。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 FALSE

  关键词:After 1740, reduction

  定位原文:D 段第 3、4 句 “Between about 1650.., burst in population growth.” 在大约 1650 年到 1740 年间,英国的人口是静止不变的。但是在那时(18 世纪中期), 英国的人口是爆发增长的。

  解题思路:考生利用 After 1740 定位到 D 段第 3、4 句,static 表示“静态的” , burst 表示“爆发”,与题目中的 reduction 意思相反。

  Question 12

  参考译文:英国人过去在家酿啤酒。难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NOT GIVEN

  关键词:at home

  定位原文:E 段第 6 句到最后一句“He says,‘We drank... What caused this?’” 他说:“我们喝啤酒。很久以来,英国人都被啤酒酒花中强大的抗生素所保护,这种酒花是加在啤酒中用以保存啤酒的。但在 17 世纪末,麦芽开始收税,这是啤酒的基本组成部分。穷人因此转向喝水和松子酒,在 18 世纪 20 年代人的死亡率又开始上升。然后又突然再次下降。是什造成这种现象?”

  解题思路:E 段最后一句说明了英国人喝啤酒,但并未说明英国人在哪里酿造啤酒,所以此 题应务 NOT GIVEN。

  Question 13

  参考译文:对麦芽的征税间接地造成了死亡率的上升。难度及答案:难度高;答案为 TRUE

  关键词:tax on malt、 indirectly、rise in die death rate

  定位原文:E 段第 6 句到最后一句“He says,‘We drank…What caused this?’” 他说:“我们喝啤酒。很久以来,英国人都被啤酒酒花中强大的抗生素所保护,这种酒花是加在啤酒中用以保存啤酒的。但在 17 世纪末,麦芽开始收税,这是啤酒的基本组成部分。人因此转向喝水和松花酒,在 18 世纪 20 年代人口的死亡率又开始上升, 突然再次下降。是什么造成这种现象?”

  解题思路:此句提及因为麦芽征税,所以查人不得不喝水和松子酒,所以死亡率上升了, 这种关系是间接的。因此答案是 TRUE。